ATTENTION Read online

  Copyright © 2018 by Joshua Cohen

  All rights reserved.

  Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York.

  RANDOM HOUSE and the HOUSE colophon are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC.

  Some of the essays that appear in this work were originally published, often in substantially different form, in Art in America, Assignment, Bookforum, The Cupboard, Die Welt, The Fabulist, The Forward, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Harper’s Magazine, London Review of Books, N+1, The New Haven Review, The New Republic, New York, The New York Times Book Review, Paper #04, The Paris Review, The Point, PowellsBooks.Blog, The Sewanee Review, Tablet, Tin House, and Triple Canopy. In addition, “Fencing for Hitler (on Helene Mayer)” was originally published in Jewish Jocks: An Unorthodox Hall of Fame edited by Franklin Foer and Marc Tracy (New York: Twelve, 2012); “Pond Memories (on Georges Perec)” was originally published as the introduction to W, or the Memory of Childhood by Georges Perec (Boston, Mass.: David R. Godine, Publisher, 2018); “In Partial Disgrace (on Charles Newman)” was originally published as the introduction to In Partial Disgrace by Charles Newman (McLean, Ill.: Dalkey Archive Press, 2013). “ATTENTION: A (Short) History” is from Attention!: A (Short) History by Joshua Cohen (London: Notting Hill Editions, 2013).

  LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

  NAMES: Cohen, Joshua. TITLE: Attention : dispatches from a land of distraction / Joshua Cohen. DESCRIPTION: First edition. | New York : Random House, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references. IDENTIFIERS: LCCN 2018000837 | ISBN 9780399590214 | ISBN 9780399590221 (ebook) CLASSIFICATION: LCC AC8.5 C64 2018 | DDC 080—dc23 LC record available at lccn.loc.gov/​2018000837

  Ebook ISBN 9780399590221

  randomhousebooks.com

  Book design by Barbara M. Bachman, adapted for ebook

  Cover design: Oliver Munday

  v5.3.2

  ep

  Contents

  Cover

  Title Page

  Copyright

  Epigraph

  Distraction

  Home

  It’s a Circle: On the Closing of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus

  From the Diaries: Groundhog Day Protests 2017

  The Last Last Summer: On Donald Trump and the Fall of Atlantic City

  Notes on the Concession

  From the Diaries: Lecture Review; Memoir

  Exit Bernie

  From the Diaries: New York Signs: Last Exit for the

  Verrazano-Narrows Bridge; Yield; Siamese Connection;

  LIRR; R Trains Run Express; Stop

  Letter to Ruth May Rivers

  First Family, Second Life: On Thomas Pynchon

  Letterform, Islandform

  From the Diaries: Meditations

  9/11 Blue

  From the Diaries: Hat Lessons Gleaned from Attending

  a Film Noir Marathon with a Nonagenarian Ex-Milliner

  Who Never Stops Talking

  Letter to Stephen Shore

  Downtown Underground: On John Zorn

  From the Diaries: Meditations from the Gym

  Editing the I: On Gordon Lish

  From the Diaries: Four Facts I Learned in a Bar on Staten Island;

  A Successful Man in Chicago Is Complimented on His Suit

  Lip Service: On Aretha and Beyoncé

  Wiki: What I Know Is

  Boundless Informant: On Greenwald’s Snowden

  From the Diaries: Salt and Pepper Shakers; When We

  Stopped Saying We Were Going to Move Out of the City

  Datasexual: On Morozov, Lanier, Johnson, and Google

  From the Diaries: Navajo Reservation; Medium Thoreau

  Abroad

  Writing About the Present: Mirror, Body, Shadow

  From the Diaries: Brows; Freckles

  Zibaldone Diary

  Žižek Press Junket

  From the Diaries: Conversation Summary (Next Table);

  Why I’ve Never Had Sex in Hungary

  No One Hates Him More: On Franzen’s Kraus

  Recognized Witness: On H. G. Adler

  From the Diaries: What Kind of Neighborhood Is Palilula (Belgrade)?;

  The Hague

  Conducting Mortality: On Henry-Louis de La Grange’s Mahler

  Fencing for Hitler: On Helene Mayer

  Speak Easy: On Bohumil Hrabal

  From the Diaries: Museum Fact (Rijeka); Critical Typo

  Hung Like an Obelisk, Hard as an Olympian: An Abecedarium of English-Language Publishing in Paris

  From the Diaries: Sounds of Odessa; Sights of Odessa; Odessa Fashion; Odessa at Work; Odessa Geography; London Stumble

  Pond Memories on Georges Perec

  Auto-Flâneurism on Tom McCarthy

  From the Diaries: The Only Caravaggio in Russia; My Friend’s Estimation of His Grandfather, a Forgotten Hungarian Painter

  The Death of Culture, and Other Hypocrisies on Mario Vargas Llosa

  All Foison, All Abundance on Florio’s Montaigne and Shakespeare’s Florio

  From the Diaries: Sentences from an English-Language Workbook Found in Sofia; A Phrase that Must Be, but Is Not, Originally Yiddish

  Inner Syntax on Eimear McBride

  Inadvertence on Alan Turing’s Centennial

  Her Own Asylum on Anna Kavan

  From the Diaries: American Woman Complimented by Greek Man; Bucharest Hostel

  Bibliothanatos, or Epigraphs for a Last Book

  Dreamlands

  Open Sesame

  Me, U, Baku, Quba

  From the Diaries: Adoration of New Magi; Le Pont Mirabeau

  On the Transit of Toledo

  In Partial Disgrace on Charles Newman

  From the Diaries: A Certain Angle; The Mind Too; A; Posterity

  Reorientalism on Mathias Énard

  The Literature of Two Easts

  From the Diaries: Traveling

  Israel Diary

  Lines of Occupation on Yitzhak Laor

  From the Diaries: To Think; Traveling Without You

  Literary Animals

  Top Ten Books About Online

  From the Diaries: What’s in the Bag?; Overnight Flight WC; Shooting

  Impromptu Fantasias on Benjamin de Casseres

  Paragraph for Liu Xiaobo

  From the Diaries: There Should Be Words for the Following in German; Germany to Jersey for the Holidays

  Thoughts on the Roths and Their Kaddish

  Dream Translations from the Early Hasidic

  Attention!

  Inattention

  2. Directionality, Sumer, Babel and the Flood, Eden

  C. Egypt, Cadmus/Kadmos, Memory, Orpheus Turning

  4. Tension, Asceticism, Augustine, Augustine Idipsum

  E. Disarticulation and Articulation, Paper and Ink and Implements, Copying, Copying (Writing 1)

  6. Schisms, Divisions, Monads, Species

  G. Malebranche, Vitality,
Automata, Condillac

  8. Theater, the Dialectic (of the Individual), the Fiction (of Selfhood), Types of Types

  I. Doubles, Lavater, Redoubled Doubles, Marey

  10. Ductus Interruptus, Type-Write and Typewrite, Wave-Particle Theory of Language, Reaction Time (Writing B)

  K. Case Studies 1

  12. Case Studies B

  M. Behaviorism and Gestalt, Neuroacademia, Consumption V. Prosumption, Buddhisms

  14. Transitive/Transactional, Speed, Computers on Speed, Surveillance Dreaming

  Test

  (Short) Notes on A (Short) History

  By Joshua Cohen

  About the Author

  Every one knows what attention is.

  —WILLIAM JAMES,

  The Principles of Psychology,

  VOLUME 1, CHAPTER XI

  IF ANYTHING DISTINGUISHES MY GENERATION of American writers, it’s that everyone in my generation became a writer, simply through the act of going online. More words have been written, more words have been read, by my generation than by any other generation in human history. I have to say, as a person who’d always planned on becoming a novelist, as a person who’d always planned on supporting the writing of novels through the writing of nonfiction, I found this daunting. The amount of information and the speed of its dissemination overwhelmed. I’m guessing this was the experience of most Americans born within reach of a midsized untangled extension cord from the year 1980—most Americans who’d grown up with books, only to exchange them for millennial adulthood and screens.

  This ever-increasing amount of information coming at us at this ever-increasing speed rendered us unable to adequately attend to our own divided presences, let alone to a world that, though it wasn’t united, was suddenly “global.” Terrorism in Istanbul, hostages in Afghanistan, shark attacks, lethal mold, a sex scandal involving a missing congressional intern, the Giants v. the Broncos (to mention just a few of the “headlines” of 9/10/2001)—we were utterly incapable of absorbing what was happening. Rather, we were only capable of reacting to it: We scrolled through the plenitude, and clicked “like,” and clicked “dislike,” and generally ignored anything we weren’t able to assimilate efficiently. The dangers of our impatience were obvious: no depth. But considerably less obvious were the dangers involved with a mass culture’s rupture into myriad subcultures. Today, our sense of selfhood is undergoing a similar fragmentation. We’re all becoming too disparate, too dissociated—searching for porn one moment, searching for genocide the next—leaving behind stray data that cohere only in the mnemotech of our surveillance.

  * * *

  —

  I BEGAN WRITING NONFICTION in the wake of 9/11—and was published in print, in hard copy, by newspapers and magazines that would go on to cut pages, wages, and staff, if they didn’t fold altogether. Meanwhile, online was busy revising responsibility for the attacks: Bush II ordered them, Cheney let them happen, the American Deep State colluded with the Israelis, the Israelis colluded with the Saudis. I remember enduring explanations about how it was absolutely unthinkable that an explosion of jet fuel would be able to melt that grade and tonnage of steel so quickly and completely as to cause complete collapse. Ergo, the destruction of the WTC had to be a “controlled demolition.” Ergo, the destruction of the WTC had to be “an inside job.” Here, at the start of my nonfiction career, was the first time I encountered this phenomenon—namely, the violence being done to facticity.

  In the years since, the ways in which fact has been under attack have been well documented, in the very venues in which fact has been under attack. Newspapers, magazines—by which I mean, of course, their online successors—are full of much more than information that’s true and information that’s false. They’re also full of true accounts of the dissemination of true information, true accounts of the dissemination of false information, false accounts of the dissemination of true information, and, last but not least, my mind-melting favorite, false accounts of the dissemination of false information. The identity, or identities, of the disseminator, or disseminators, of this information changes frequently. The notions of the degree of culpability to be borne by the organizations that merely disseminate the information that has been leaked, or hacked, or faked, or some combination of leaked and faked, or hacked and faked, changes frequently too. But digital technology is not at fault. Rather, to blame digital technology is to blame ourselves. The average computer user of good faith who seeks regularly to read the news online now has to exercise the type of critical acumen that scholars of literature have always reserved for the analysis of texts: an intense engagement that seeks out secret meanings, hidden biases, hidden agendas. And what’s more, our fictional average computer user of good faith who seeks regularly to read the news online has to do so even as the news reads him, or her, and modifies itself accordingly.

  * * *

  —

  I LIVE IN A LAND where the natives don’t have to be native and the foreigners don’t have to be foreign; a land where everyone’s always changing their addresses and switching employers, trading in their old names for new names, and altering their sexual preferences, genders, and fortunes; a land whose peoples have no mutual history, or not much; a land whose peoples have no mutual culture, or not much; a land that lacks any common religious or ethnic or racial identity, along with all reliable markers of education and class, and even a unifying language and consistent ethical and moral principles.

  This is where you live too, if you also live online: a land that feels virtual, because everything in it has been reimagined to distraction.

  In its strictest sense, to be distracted means to be perplexed, confused, bewildered; a distracted person is out of touch with the person they used to be; a person “beside themselves,” who has to be reminded; a person drawn asunder, pushed away, pulled apart, turned aside; a person “depersonalized,” who’s lost their grip, their footing, their mind.

  Unlike other popular brands of bonkers (“witless,” “frantic,” “frenzied,” “antic”), distraction isn’t some spontaneous disintegration or unexpected absence of the senses. Instead, it’s a gradual disbalancing, which requires only an initial intoxication and then proceeds to intoxicate itself. That’s not to say it’s a death sentence, however: because, almost uniquely among the mental maladies, distraction can be reversed, which explains why it was the term preferred by doctors for one of the earliest certified forms of temporary insanity, and so why it was the term preferred by lawyers for one of the earliest certified forms of the temporary-insanity defense.

  Meanwhile, when applied to the crowd, the epithet is declinist: It describes a state that cannot hold; a state diverted.

  I considered listing some statistics regarding how many Americans claim they’re distracted, but while undertaking that research—which I only did because I could do it online—I came into contact not only with how many daily computer users claim they’re distracted, but also with how many American women aged sixty-five and older, and how many American children who attend public school and have no siblings and reside in nonurban areas, claim to be distracted on weekdays v. weekend nights. I was in the midst of compiling all these numbers into a single comprehensive number, but I must’ve gotten sidetracked, and, anyway, that final sum should be, to quote our Founders, “self-evident”: It’s everyone. It’s 100 percent. And even that figure feels too low by half.

  Suffice to say, if you read at the pace of most Americans, which is approximately two hundred words per minute, then you’ve been reading for approximately six minutes by now, though—if you’re like most Americans in another respect—there’s also a roughly 50 percent chance you’ve already taken one break to check your email, and a roughly 75 percent chance you’ve taken two breaks if you’ve been reading on your phone.

  We click away, but then we return, but
then we click away again. We toggle perpetually between our guilt and guilty pleasures.

  But though we might experience distraction as a shuttling, the shuttling compounds. The ailment tends to multiply itself, to mirror, echo, spin off, and sequelize itself, until the best any of us can do is just acknowledge it: We’re spiraling.

  You ask: “What was I doing?” You ask: “What was I supposed to be doing?” All you can answer is: I’m distracted. It’s hard to go any further into it than that.

  Especially because what you should be doing is trying to step back. Not to retreat, but to gain another vantage. Stepping back is never a retreat, if you pursue a problem to its origins. We’ll only recover if we can find out just how and why this problem of distraction—this dim word, this diffuse abstraction—came to so blight us and unravel our brains.